- Tongue conditions
Common tongue conditions: symptoms, causes and treatment
Written by: Editors
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Have you ever suffered from a sore tongue? That can badly affect everyday activities like eating, drinking and talking. Tongue disorders are common and can have different causes. In this article we discuss the seven most common conditions, their symptoms, causes and what you can do to prevent and treat them.
A white deposit or patches on the tongue can have various causes, such as a weakened immune system, smoking, poor oral hygiene or the use of antibiotics. The deposits can lead to bad breath and an unpleasant feeling in the mouth. By brushing your teeth and tongue twice a day and using an antibacterial mouthwash regularly, you can reduce the likelihood of white deposits.
Treatment. Use a mouthwash such as Listerine or one containing chlorhexidine. Avoid mouthwashes with alcohol as they can dry out the mouth and make the problem worse.
Purple tongue
A purple or reddish-purple tongue may indicate lung disease, pernicious anaemia or a vitamin deficiency. Pernicious anaemia is a severe form of anaemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12, often due to a lack of intrinsic factor (a protein in the stomach required for your body to absorb that vitamin). If you experience this symptom, it is vital that you consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment. You may need to take supplements containing vitamin B12, as well as a modifying your diet to include foods rich in B12, such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products. In severe cases, your doctor may prescribe vitamin B12 injections.
Red, swollen and painful tongue
A red and swollen tongue can result from inflammation, often caused by the use of antibiotics. This can make swallowing and talking difficult. Brushing your teeth regularly and rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash or saline solution can help the healing process.
Treatment. Gargle using a saline solution (1 teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water). Antiseptic mouthwashes such as those containing chlorhexidine can also be effective. Avoid eating or drinking irritants like alcohol and spicy foods.
Smooth tongue
A smooth tongue can be caused by anaemia, liver problems or gluten intolerance. Once the underlying condition is treated, the smoothness usually disappears and your tongue regains its normal structure.
Treatment. If you have iron-deficiency anaemia, take iron supplements and eat iron-rich foods such as spinach, red meat and lentils. If you are gluten intolerant, follow a strict gluten-free diet.
Hairy tongue
Hairy (or coated) tongue is caused by overgrown papillae (the “taste buds” on the tongue) and is common in people with poor oral hygiene, smokers and users of antibiotics. Good oral hygiene and improving your overall physical condition can help prevent this condition.
Treatment. Clean your tongue daily with a tongue scraper/cleaner or a soft toothbrush. Giving up smoking and improving your oral hygiene can also help. Use mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide to rinse your tongue.
Geographic tongue
A geographic tongue has white and red spots with a smooth texture. This harmless condition usually causes no discomfort and requires no treatment.
Treatment. Although not usually necessary, if you do experience discomfort you may be prescribed a steroidal mouthwash. Maintain good oral hygiene and avoid irritating foods.
Ulcers, sores and lumps on the tongue
Ulcers, sores and lumps on the tongue can have various causes, such as viral infections, bacterial infections, allergies or, in rare cases, a tumour. If an ulcer persists for more than three weeks, consult a doctor or dentist.
Treatment. Use an antiseptic mouthwash or saline solution to encourage sores to heal. For ulcers, specific gels and creams are available. Avoid acidic and spicy foods that can make the pain worse.
Prevention
To prevent and fight tongue conditions, check your tongue regularly and maintain good oral hygiene. Here is our advice.
- Oral hygiene. Brush your teeth and tongue twice a day, use an antibacterial mouthwash and visit the dentist at least twice a year.
- Bolster your resistance. Eat healthily, exercise regularly and get enough sleep.
- Stop smoking and cut down on alcohol. Both can significantly improve your oral health.
- Avoid irritants. If you have a sore tongue, steer clear of acidic foods and drinks.
If you experience persistent symptoms, make an appointment to see your GP or dentist. They can investigate the causes and start the treatment you need. If necessary, your GP can refer you to a specialist.
Conclusion
Tongue conditions can range from harmless to serious. It is important that you check your tongue regularly and maintain good oral hygiene. In the event of persistent symptoms, consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.